Last data update: May 13, 2024. (Total: 46773 publications since 2009)
Records 1-7 (of 7 Records) |
Query Trace: Schoenborn CA[original query] |
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Examining the high rate of cigarette smoking among adults with a GED
Schoenborn CA , Stommel M , Lucas JW . Addict Behav 2017 77 275-286 OBJECTIVES: We seek to identify characteristics of GED holders that explain their very high smoking rates compared with high school (HS) graduates. METHODS: We pooled data from the 2006-2014 National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS) for adults aged 25 and older (n=235,031) to describe cigarette smoking behaviors and smoking history for adults in six education categories, with a focus on comparing GED holders to HS graduates. Logistic regression was used to predict the odds of current cigarette smoking and successful quitting, accounting for demographic, employment, family/sociocultural, mental health, and other potential confounders. RESULTS: The smoking rate among adults with a GED (44.1%) was more than five times the rate for those with a college degree (8.3%) and almost twice the rate of adults whose highest level of education was a high school diploma (23.6%). GED holders were also more likely to have started smoking before the age of 15 (32.2%) compared with HS graduates (12.2%) (p<0.001). Even after controlling for 23 socio-demographic and health characteristics, GED holders retained significantly higher odds of current smoking compared to HS graduates (OR=1.73; 95% CI: 1.56, 1.93) and significantly lower odds of successful quitting (OR=0.83, 95% CI: 0.73, 0.94). CONCLUSIONS: GED holders had greater odds of being a current cigarette smoker, regardless of other characteristics that usually explain smoking. Earlier smoking initiation among GED holders, in combination with lower odds of quitting, contributed to their higher current smoking rate. |
Excess mortality among people who report lifetime use of illegal drugs in the United States: A 20-year follow-up of a nationally representative survey
Walker ER , Pratt LA , Schoenborn CA , Druss BG . Drug Alcohol Depend 2016 171 31-38 OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the mortality risks, over 20 years of follow-up in a nationally representative sample, associated with illegal drug use and to describe risk factors for mortality. METHODS: We analyzed data from the 1991 National Health Interview Survey, which is a nationally representative household survey in the United States, linked to the National Death Index through 2011. This study included 20,498 adults, aged 18-44 years in 1991, with 1047 subsequent deaths. A composite variable of self-reported lifetime illegal drug use was created (hierarchical categories of heroin, cocaine, hallucinogens/inhalants, and marijuana use). RESULTS: Mortality risk was significantly elevated among individuals who reported lifetime use of heroin (HR=2.40, 95% CI: 1.65-3.48) and cocaine (HR=1.27, 95% CI: 1.04-1.55), but not for those who used hallucinogens/inhalants or marijuana, when adjusting for demographic characteristics. Baseline health risk factors (smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, and BMI) explained the greatest amount of this mortality risk. After adjusting for all baseline covariates, the association between heroin or cocaine use and mortality approached significance. In models adjusted for demographics, people who reported lifetime use of heroin or cocaine had an elevated mortality risk due to external causes (poisoning, suicide, homicide, and unintentional injury). People who had used heroin, cocaine, or hallucinogens/inhalants had an elevated mortality risk due to infectious diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Heroin and cocaine are associated with considerable excess mortality, particularly due to external causes and infectious diseases. This association can be explained mainly by health risk behaviors. |
Mortality risks associated with average drinking level and episodic heavy drinking
Schoenborn CA , Stommel M , Ward BW . Subst Use Misuse 2014 49 (10) 1250-8 Data from the 1997 to 2004 National Health Interview Survey Sample Adult questionnaires were linked to the National Death Index (N = 242,397) to examine mortality risks associated with average and episodic heavy drinking. Cox proportional hazard models (Stata 12.0) revealed that (average) heavier drinkers and episodic heavy drinkers (5+ in a day) had increased mortality risks but when examined together, episodic heavy drinking added only modestly to the mortality risks of light and moderate drinkers. Limitations and implications of results for survey measurement of potentially harmful levels of alcohol use are noted. This was a Federal study that received no outside funding. |
Trends in adults receiving a recommendation for exercise or other physical activity from a physician or other health professional
Barnes PM , Schoenborn CA . NCHS Data Brief 2012 (86) 1-8 Research points to the benefits of physical activity for reducing the risk of chronic health conditions. Engaging in regular physical activity can reduce medication dependence, help maintain functional independence, and improve the quality of life for older adults. Physicians and other health professionals can be influential sources of health information, and exercise counseling by primary care physicians has been shown to increase patients' participation in physical activity. This report examines trends in the prevalence of U.S. adults receiving a physician's or other health professional's advice to exercise or perform other physical activity among adults who had seen a health professional in the past 12 months. | |
Adherence to the 2008 adult physical activity guidelines and mortality risk
Schoenborn CA , Stommel M . Am J Prev Med 2011 40 (5) 514-21 BACKGROUND: Mortality differentials by level and intensity of physical activity have been widely documented. A comprehensive review of scientific evidence of the health benefits of physical activity led the USDHHS to issue new Federal Guidelines for physical activity in 2008. Reductions in mortality risk associated with adherence to these Guidelines among the general U.S. adult population have not yet been studied. PURPOSE: This study compared the relative mortality risks of U.S. adults who met the 2008 Guidelines with adults who did not meet the recommendations. METHODS: Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the relative mortality risks of U.S. adults aged ≥18 years, using data from the 1997-2004 National Health Interview Survey and linked mortality records for deaths occurring in 1997-2006 (analyzed in 2010). Risks for adults with and without chronic health conditions were examined separately. RESULTS: Meeting the recommendations for aerobic activity was associated with substantial survival benefits, especially among the population having chronic conditions, with estimated hazard ratios ranging from 0.65 to 0.75 (p<0.05). While strengthening activities by themselves did not appear to reduce mortality risks, they may provide added survival benefits to those already engaged in aerobic activities. The relative benefits of physical activity were greatest among adults who had at least one chronic condition. CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines was associated with reduced all-cause mortality risks among U.S. adults, after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, BMI, smoking, and alcohol use. |
Trend and prevalence estimates based on the 2008 physical activity guidelines for Americans
Carlson SA , Fulton JE , Schoenborn CA , Loustalot F . Am J Prev Med 2010 39 (4) 305-13 BACKGROUND: According to the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, adults need to engage in at least 150 minutes/week of moderate-intensity activity or its equivalent (defined as aerobically active) to obtain substantial health benefits and more than 300 minutes/week (defined as highly active) to obtain more extensive health benefits. In addition to aerobic activity, the 2008 Guidelines recommend that adults participate in muscle-strengthening activities on 2 or more days/week. PURPOSE: This study examined the prevalence and trends of meeting the activity criteria defined by the 2008 Guidelines among U.S. adults. METHODS: Prevalence and trends of participation in leisure-time physical activity were estimated from the 1998-2008 National Health Interview Survey (analyzed in 2010). RESULTS: In 2008, 43.5% of U.S. adults were aerobically active, 28.4% were highly active, 21.9% met the muscle-strengthening guideline, and 18.2% both met the muscle-strengthening guideline and were aerobically active. The likelihood of meeting each of these four activity criteria was similar and were associated with being male, being younger, being non-Hispanic white, having higher levels of education, and having a lower BMI. Trends over time were also similar for each part of the 2008 Guidelines, with the prevalence of participation exhibiting a small but significant increase when comparing 1998 to 2008 (difference ranging from 2.4 to 4.2 percentage points). CONCLUSIONS: Little progress has been made during the past 10 years in increasing physical activity levels in the U.S. There is much room for improvement in achieving recommended levels of physical activity among Americans, particularly among relatively inactive subgroups. |
Variations in BMI and prevalence of health risks in diverse racial and ethnic populations
Stommel M , Schoenborn CA . Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010 18 (9) 1821-6 When examining health risks associated with the BMI, investigators often rely on the customary BMI thresholds of the 1995 World Health Organization report. However, within-interval variations in morbidity and mortality can be substantial, and the thresholds do not necessarily correspond to identifiable risk increases. Comparing the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease (CHD), asthma, and arthritis among non-Hispanic whites, blacks, East Asians and Hispanics, we examine differences in the BMI-health-risk relationships for small BMI increments. The analysis is based on 11 years of data of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), with a sample size of 337,375 for the combined 1997-2007 Sample Adult. The analysis uses multivariate logistic regression models, employing a nonparametric approach to modeling the BMI-health-risk relationship, while relying on narrowly defined BMI categories. Rising BMI levels are associated with higher levels of chronic disease burdens in four major racial and ethnic groups, even after adjusting for many socio-demographic characteristics and three important health-related behaviors (smoking, physical activity, alcohol consumption). For all population groups, except East Asians, a modestly higher disease risk was noted for persons with a BMI <20 compared with persons with BMI in the range of 20-21. Using five chronic conditions as risk criteria, a categorization of the BMI into normal weight, overweight, or obesity appears arbitrary. Although the prevalence of disease risks differs among racial and ethnic groups regardless of BMI levels, the evidence presented here does not support the notion that the BMI-health-risk profile of East Asians and others warrants race-specific BMI cutoff points. |
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